
Dr Torda Varga is a biologist specialising in fungal evolution and ecology, with a particular focus on mushroom-forming fungi. His research examines their morphological and taxonomic diversity and the evolutionary processes that generate this diversity. Through taxonomically balanced genome sampling and innovative methods that integrate fossil data into molecular dating, he seeks to identify the key drivers of fungal diversification.
During his undergraduate studies, Dr Varga investigated truffle taxonomy and the eco-physiology of truffle orchards in Hungary. His PhD research explored the macro-evolution of mushroom-forming fungi, demonstrating how fruiting body evolution has contributed to speciation.
Dr Varga’s current work at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew combines high-quality modern genomes with those reconstructed from historical specimens, drawing extensively on Kew’s fungal collections. In a two-year postdoctoral project, he developed protocols for assembling genomes from centuries-old material—an important methodological advance that informs much of his ongoing research. As a Research Fellow, he has also launched a new project on fungal hyphal-cord development and supervises several NERC-funded PhD projects.
Although an early-career researcher, Dr Varga has worked at five institutes across four countries, supervised seven undergraduate and graduate research projects, and authored 26 scientific papers in leading journals, including Nature Ecology & Evolution, PNAS, Nature Communications, and New Phytologist.
The Trait Diversity and Function Department is one of the largest departments at Kew, bringing together a vibrant research community focused on plant and fungal adaptation, resilience, biotic interactions, and bioactive molecules. The department investigates how organisms survive in a rapidly changing world and develops innovative technologies and methods to explore the properties of plants and fungi, their evolutionary drivers, and their potential applications.
Research draws on Kew’s unparalleled collections as well as newly gathered material. This work supports major applied outcomes, including improving the success of ecological restoration and species reintroduction programmes, and expanding the range of species that can enhance nutrition and deliver nature-based solutions. A key focus is the investigation of traits relevant to agriculture—both for improving major crops and for advancing minor, underused species that may be more resilient to environmental change.
The department also examines the molecular basis of useful traits by integrating genomics and chemistry to identify new biomolecules with potential benefits for human health, livelihoods, and well-being. In addition, innovative plant health research is uncovering the genetic foundations of resistance to significant pests and pathogens in species of economic and ecological importance.
Our living environment is shaped by millions of organisms interacting with one another and with the non-living world. Among these, fungi play vital—though often hidden—roles. Beneath the soil, many fungi form cord-like networks, sometimes described as “fungal highways,” which function like underground roads. These structures can transport water and nutrients between plants, connect different soil patches, and even act as rapid movement pathways for bacteria. Yet, despite their importance, fungal highways remain surprisingly understudied. Do most fungi build them, or only a few species? Are they widespread across the planet, or restricted to certain habitats?
To help answer these questions, the successful NTU student will join ongoing research to uncover the diversity of fungal cord systems. This will involve using forensic-style techniques to collect fragments of fungal cords from soil and identify them through DNA sequencing. We will also sample mushrooms from the same locations and compare their DNA with the underground networks to understand which fungi build and utilise these structures. Finally, the student will conduct histological analyses using light microscopy—and, optionally, electron microscopy—to examine internal structural differences among fungal cords.
By revealing the diversity and distribution of fungal highways, this project aims to shed light on an overlooked but essential component of ecosystem function.